I. EARTH SCIENCE

 

  1. Inquiry, Reflection, and Social Implications
  2. Earth Systems
  3. The Solid Earth
  4. The Fluid Earth
  5. Earth in Space and Time

 

Additional Sites for Earth Science

  1. Teaching Units / Lesson Plans
  2. Student Activities / Projects / Interactive Sites
  3. Information / Facts / Data / Reports
  4. Videos / Movies / Animations
  5. Photographs / Slides / Diagrams / Graphics
  6. Periodicals / Journals / Newspapers
  7. Searches / Explorations / Investigations
  8. Earth and Space Science Topics for Teachers

 

E4. The Fluid Earth

High School
  1. E4.p1 Water Cycle (prerequisite)
    Water circulates through the crust and atmosphere and in oceans, rivers, glaciers, and ice caps and connects all of the Earth systems. Groundwater is a significant reservoir and source of freshwater on Earth. The recharge and movement of groundwater depends on porosity, permeability, and the shape of the water table. The movement of groundwater occurs over a long period time. Groundwater and surface water are often interconnected. (prerequisite)
    1. Modeling the Water Cycle New
      In this activity, students will build a model to simulate parts of the water cycle. They will be able to recognize and explain the essential elements of the water cycle.
    2. NOAA's Learning Demo "The Water Cycle"
      Outstanding! Four short videos complete with outstanding color diagrams: The Water Cycle, its Global Impact, Global Warming's effect on the Water Cycle and Groundwater Use and Overuse.
    3. Solar Still New
      This site has a video showing how to use a homemade solar still to mimic this natural process, separating pure water from a saltwater mixture. It is complete with a background essay, discussion questions, and standards.
    4. The Hydrologic Cycle: Online Meteorology Guide
      The Hydrologic Cycle module has been organized into the following sections:
      Sections: The Earth's Water Budget , Evaporation, Condensation, Transport, Precipitation, Groundwater, Transpiration, Runoff, and Summary and Example.
    5. The Water Cycle
      This site describes the water cycle beginning with the various forms that water can take. It provides a good definition of terms related to the water cycle. A large color graphic illustrates the water cycle. This site is concise and to the point. Excellent site with an "Earth Science Explorer", that can be used by teachers and students to find other information.
    6. USGS "The Water Cycle"
      Detailed Water Cycle diagram and companion summary available in 64 different languages.
  2. E4.p2 Weather and the Atmosphere (prerequisite)
    The atmosphere is divided into layers defined by temperature. Clouds are indicators of weather. (prerequisite)
    1. Clouds and Precipation
      The clouds and precipitation module is organized into the following sections: Development, Cloud Types, Precipation, and Acknowledgements. The activity is arranged in modules that are arranged in a recommended sequence.
    2. Convection Currents
      A demonstration that is simple and visually appealing to show convection currents in water.
    3. Franklin’s Forecast
      This site teaches how to build your own weather station.  You then record your data and predict the upcoming weather.
    4. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry
      This site, by York University, describes atmospheric chemistry (what atmosphere is composed of) and the job of an atmospheric chemist. Topics included are: What is Atmospheric Chemistry, Photochemical Smog/Tropospheric Ozone, Global Warming, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Acidic Deposition, and Toxic Air Pollutants. This site is a place where teachers will be able to gain knowledge necessary for lessons. Each topic includes hyperlinks which may be appropriate for children.
    5. Meteorology
      The Online Meteorology Guide is a collection of web-based instructional modules that use multimedia technology and the dynamic capabilities of the web.  These resources incorporate text, colorful diagrams, animations, computer simulations, audio and video to introduce fundamental concepts in the atmospheric sciences.  Selected pages link to (or will soon link to) relevant classroom activities and current weather products to reinforce topics discussed in the modules and allow the user to apply what has been learned to real-time weather data.
    6. METEOROLOGY - DOES WEATHER HAPPEN RANDOMLY?
      Outstanding - An outstanding weather site! Using a current satellite and radar image students are asked two basic questions: (1) Does weather happen randomly? (2) If there are patterns, what are they and how can we use them? This site has 9 interactive questions. Use for 8th grade weather unit.
    7. Relative Humidity Applet New
      This applet simulates what happens inside your house when the temperature and dew point change outside. You have control over the outdoor values by sliding the red colored portion of the two thermometers.
    8. Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere New
      In this interactive resource you will learn about how atmospheric pressure, temperature, and composition are related to altitude. The site includes an animation, background information, and discussion questions.
    9. Weather Applets New
      This site contains a recently updated composite infrared image of cloud cover over the United State. As you move the mouse pointer over the image, the temperature (degrees C), latitude and longitude are listed.
    10. Weather Applets New
      This contains a list of weather related interactive applets. Some excellent ones include topics such as hurricanes, tornados, relative humidity, rainbows, and precipitation.
  3. E4.p3 Glaciers (prerequisite)
    Glaciers are large bodies of ice that move under the influence of gravity. They form part of both the rock and water cycles. Glaciers and ice sheets have shaped the landscape of the Great Lakes region. Areas that have been occupied by ice sheets are depressed. When the ice sheet is removed, the region rebounds (see also climate change). (prerequisite)
    1. All About Glaciers
      This site contains information, pictures and more on glaciers.
    2. DEQ, Geology in Michigan
      Presentations, classroom materials, and maps of Michigan's geology past and present. Once in this site make sure to go to the "For students and Teachers" link which contains games, lessons, diagrams, pictures, and multimedia.
    3. Flip Book All About Glaciers
      This site contains material that can be cut out and made into a flip book illustrating the development of the Great Lake region.
    4. Glacial Lakes Around Michigan
      This is a downloadable .pdf file that contains information on how the Glacial Lakes in the Great Lakes Basin were formed. A series of diagrams of the changing surface features in Michigan as the glaciers changed.  The diagrams can be made into a flip-book to show the changes.
    5. Natural Processes in the Great Lakes
      This site provides a short concise explanation of How the Great Lakes Basins were formed by glacial erosion. When you click on the diagram (Geology & Mineral Resources) to the left of the explanation, there is a representative sequence of chronological diagrams ranging form 13,200 years BP to 10,000 years BP.
    6. Regents Prep Earth Science
      This site has a variety of Earth Science resources appropriate for use by students and teachers.
    7. The Gateway to Astronaut Photography
      This site focuses on the interconnections among processes taking place in the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Many processes within the Earth System are being observed and monitored from Earth's orbit. Astronauts have photograph the Earth on a continuous basis. This record spans more than 35 years.
    8. The Glacial Lakes Around Michigan (background information)
      This site is a pdf file/ packet with information, pictures and more on how glaciers formed and shaped the Great Lakes.
    9. USGS
      Includes information about volcanoes, earthquakes, and plate tectonics. Includes activities, models, and much, much more.
  4. E4.1 Hydrogeology
    Fresh water moves over time between the atmosphere, hydrosphere (surface water, wetlands, rivers, and glaciers), and geosphere (groundwater). Water resources are both critical to and greatly impacted by humans. Changes in water systems will impact quality, quantity, and movement of water. Natural surface water processes shape the landscape everywhere and are affected by human land use decisions.
    1. Boulder Area Sustainability Information Network
      Site for the watershed located around Bolder Colorado.  Contains maps of the watershed (new and historic maps of the site), geography of the site and the types of pollution found there.
    2. Ecosystem Services - Water Purification
      The purpose of this activity is to use the example of natural water purification to show students that healthy ecosystems provide services to people that are essential to life as we know it.  The site gives a lot of instructional information and is loaded with links so students can apply what they are learning to their regional watersheds.  Students will study the process of natural purification  and the effects of human interaction.  The final assessment of this project is a river newspaper. 
    3. EPA's Surf Your Watershed
      Can get information about thousands of watersheds and testing results.  From this site there are hyperlinks to an Index of Watershed indicators, Adopt Your Watershed, and Surf Your Watershed.  On the "Surf Your Watershed" link, watersheds in the United States can be found by typing in your city, river, county or state or by clicking on a map of the United States. Once at the Watershed information is given on Science in Your Watershed, Streamflow, Water use and more.
    4. Everyone is Against Water Pollution...but how does it happen and how can it be prevented?
      Excellently written evaluation of water quality, water testing procedures and water treatment procedures. This site contains a great deal of information related to water quality issues.
    5. Great Lakes Ecological Protection and Restoration
      This site provides information about efforts to keep the lakes in the Great Lakes Basin clean for people, animals, and plants that depend on them. New title: Great Lakes Ecological Protection and Restoration.
    6. Hydrologic Analysis DEQ
      Provides information on stream dynamics and the impacts of streamwater runoff. Includes studies done on specific streams in western Michigan.
    7. Long Island Sound Study
      This is a Power Point presentation that can be viewed on-line in html or downloaded-printed in  .pdf format.  It includes a report on pollutants found in the sound (lead, pathogens etc) along with graphs showing the pollutants over time.  Also included are restoration and protection efforts. Part of the presentation shows how the Long Island Watershed is related to Long Island Sound.
    8. Pollution Locator/Search Engine
      Pollution found in different watersheds can be located by typing in the name of the watershed or the location of the water shed.  The site will give the type and location of the pollution found in the watershed.  THe site also provides a hyperlink to explain what the human health hazzard is, how the pollutant is regulated and much more.
    9. The Great Lakes Atlas
      This site is an online resource book with tremendous information of the Great Lakes Watershed. The topics include: natural processes, new directions, and people of the great lakes.
    10. The Great Lakes
      This site has numerous links that provides information about the Great Lakes water shed.
    11. The Watershed Game
      This is a game where a student logs in with a name and then picks between two levels, Novice or Intermediate.  They are asked to make choices along the way about their watershed and then at the end the student will be given a score on how their choices affected the watershed.
    12. United States EPA - Great Lakes Site
      This site contains a wealth of information concerning the Great Lakes, including general information, watershed maps, pollution prevention, human health issues, among others. Links are also provided to educational programs and other relevant sites. This site is an excellent starting point for studying Great Lakes pollution.
    13. Waterborne Contaminants in the Great Lakes
      This site shows graphics and explains how contaminants get into the Great Lakes and their impact on it.
    14. Water's the Matter
      This site focuses on five different measurable properties of water. Determining the quality of water involves more than observing it's color and sensing it's odor. The properties or characteristics of water in a river or lake can be affected by man, weather, time, and animals or plants within the water. Each lesson has six sections: Introduction, Objectives, Pre-Test, Lesson Presentation, Activity, Post-Test.
    15. Water Science for Schools (USGS)
      Outstanding: This site has many links to information and activities for students and teachers. There is a index to chose actiivities with quizzes and information sheets.
  5. E4.2 Oceans and Climate
    Energy from the Sun and the rotation of the Earth control global atmospheric circulation. Oceans redistribute matter and energy around the Earth through currents, waves, and interaction with other Earth systems. Ocean currents are controlled by prevailing winds, changes in water density, ocean topography, and the shape and location of landmasses. Oceans and large lakes (e.g., Great Lakes) have a major effect on climate and weather because they are a source of moisture and a large reservoir of heat. Interactions between oceanic circulation and the atmosphere can affect regional climates throughout the world.
    1. Climate Prediction Center
      This is an ineractive weather site with long term precipatation trends, drought analysis, ozone depletion rate and weekly weather patterns for North America.
    2. Climate Diagnostic Center
      This site provides climate data, maps, graphs, and links to additional climate sites.
    3. Earth's Atmosphere
      This site takes you through all the levels in the earth's atmosphere and explores each one.
    4. Great Lakes Climate Change Assessment
      A report from the University of Michigan about the changing climate in the Great Lakes.  It is downloadable by chapters as a .pdf file.  It contains chapters on Climate Change and Lake-Effect Snow, Climate Change and River Flows, Water Resources, Water Ecology, Historic Overview and Current Situations.  The report can also be ordered by mail.
    5. Meteorology
      The Online Meteorology Guide is a collection of web-based instructional modules that use multimedia technology and the dynamic capabilities of the web.  These resources incorporate text, colorful diagrams, animations, computer simulations, audio and video to introduce fundamental concepts in the atmospheric sciences.  Selected pages link to (or will soon link to) relevant classroom activities and current weather products to reinforce topics discussed in the modules and allow the user to apply what has been learned to real-time weather data.
    6. METEOROLOGY - DOES WEATHER HAPPEN RANDOMLY?
      Outstanding - An outstanding weather site! Using a current satellite and radar image students are asked two basic questions: (1) Does weather happen randomly? (2) If there are patterns, what are they and how can we use them? This site has 9 interactive questions.
    7. NOAA GOES West Data
      This is a live site showing the infrared imaging of the western United States.
    8. Ocean World
      This site includes a student interactive section and teacher resourcesw that deal with subjects like El Nino, ocean effects on weather, waves, and satellites.
    9. Surface Current Investigation New
      This is an interactive lesson that teaches concepts like convection currents and Coriolis force. It contains excellent diagrams, some of which are interactive.
    10. The Weather World 2010 Project - Meteorology
      This site is a great weather resource, including explanations, animations, student activity sheets, and teacher answer guides.
  6. E4.3 Severe Weather
    Tornadoes, hurricanes, blizzards, and thunderstorms are severe weather phenomena that impact society and ecosystems. Hazards include downbursts (wind shear), strong winds, hail, lightning, heavy rain, and flooding. The movement of air in the atmosphere is due to differences in air density resulting from variations in temperature. Many weather conditions can be explained by fronts that occur when air masses meet.
    1. All About Derechos New
      This site contains information, pictures, historical maps and articles about the severe weather event know as derechos.
    2. Eye of Hurricane applet New
      The user determines the pressure difference between the environment and the central pressure of the hurricane, and the radius of the eye-wall. As you change these parameters, you change the distribution of the tangential wind and temperature as a function of the distance from the hurricane eye.
    3. Franklin’s Forecast
      This site teaches how to build your own weather station.  You then record your data and predict the upcoming weather.
    4. Historical Tornadoes New
      This site lists interesting and attention getting historical facts about tornadoes. It also contains links to charts, maps, and graphs.
    5. Hurricane Applet New
      This is a great applet where the user can manipulate high and low pressure systems possibly creating a hurricane. It also shows how a high pressure system can determine the path of the hurricane.
    6. Hurricanes and Weather at NOAA
      This site gives extensive information about hurricanes.  You can get current storm information, forecasting, hurricane history, and general information.  This is a very informative site and a great resource.
    7. Hurricane Strike
      Outstanding! This site contains a very good interactive program that allows students to help a family prepare for a coming hurricane. Students are expected to help gather objects for an emergency pack, shop for needed provisions, and clean up around the house for safety. The site also provides teacher resources and lesson plans.
    8. Meteorology
      The Online Meteorology Guide is a collection of web-based instructional modules that use multimedia technology and the dynamic capabilities of the web.  These resources incorporate text, colorful diagrams, animations, computer simulations, audio and video to introduce fundamental concepts in the atmospheric sciences.  Selected pages link to (or will soon link to) relevant classroom activities and current weather products to reinforce topics discussed in the modules and allow the user to apply what has been learned to real-time weather data.
    9. METEOROLOGY - DOES WEATHER HAPPEN RANDOMLY?
      Outstanding - An outstanding weather site! Using a current satellite and radar image students are asked two basic questions: (1) Does weather happen randomly? (2) If there are patterns, what are they and how can we use them? This site has 9 interactive questions. Use for 8th grade weather unit.
    10. Nature's Greatest Storms NOAA
      This site maintains a continuous watch on tropical cyclones over the Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and the Eastern Pacific.
    11. National Weather Service -Detroit/Pontiac -Michigan Forecast Center
      This is an excellent site for the acquisition of weather and climatic data for Michigan, i.e. -maps, temperatures, wind speeds, sunrise, sunset, storm warnings, etc. The Detroit/Pontiac NWS office is the forecast center for Michigan. You can ask specific questions via e-mail.
    12. Rate Tornado Damage New
      In this interactive activity, you will evaluate scenes of destruction utilizing the most widely used scale for assessing a tornado's intensity, the Fujita scale.
    13. Thunderstorm Applet New
      This is a really cool applet that lets you learn to determine how far away a thunderstorm is by counting the seconds between seeing the lightning and hearing the thunder.
    14. Tornado Applet New
      This is an applet of a tornado in which the user determines the tornado's width and pressure. The resulting tornado then destroys some objects, and its stregth is revealed.
    15. USA TODAY Weather Site
      The USA TODAY weather site provides rich content information about many aspects of weather.  You will see more than 500 weather related topics explained at this site.  From the index you can visit many relevant websites for help with their curriculum questions.

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