BIOL 220 Principles of Biology (4) An introductory course, lecture and laboratory, dealing with the unifying fundamentals of life with emphasis on the organization of living things. Intended for majors and minors in life sciences. (3-2).

BIOL 221 Principles of Zoology (3) Survey of major animal phyla; includes consideration of structure, function, behavior, adaptation and evolutionary relationships. (2-2).

BIOL 222 Principles of Botany (3) The study of plants with emphasis on structure, function, development and heredity, followed by a brief survey of the plant kingdom. (2-2).

BIOL 231 Physiological Anatomy (4) An introductory course in human anatomy and physiology with emphasis on physiological principles. Topics include kidney function, water and electrolyte balance, endocrine function, etc. Open to all students; not applicable to biology majors; required for medical technology and nursing students. (3-3). Prerequisite: BIOL 220.

BIOL 236 Human Nutrition (3) Fundamentals of human nutrition are presented. To introduce the student to normal diet formulations, the roles that various nutrients play in supporting normal metabolic activity are presented; thus a basis is provided for interpretation of therapeutic diet regimes. Open to all students; not applicable to biology major; required for nursing students. (3-0). Prerequisite: NS 120 or BIOL 220 and CHEM 111 and 111L.

BIOL 237 Introduction to Microbiology (4) A survey of microbiology and immunology with special emphasis on pathogenic organisms, their characteristics, identification and control. Laboratory work stresses techniques used for working with microorganisms. Open to all students; required for nursing students; not applicable to biology major. (3-2). Prerequisite: CHEM 240 and BIOL 220.

BIOL 250 Forensic Science (4) An introduction to the application of science to law. Topics will include: physical evidence, scientific tools and techniques, crime scene, physical properties, chemical analysis and others. (3-2). Prerequisite: NS 120 or 122 recommended. This course is intended principally for criminal justice majors. (Cross-listed with CJ 250.)

BIOL 350 Genetics (4) A consideration of classical as well as modern genetics designed to emphasize the unifying role of genetic biology. Societal problems related to heredity will be discussed. Laboratory experiences will demonstrate genetic phenomena by using plants, flies, mammals and humans among other organisms. (3-3). Prerequisite: BIOL 220, 221, and 222.

BIOL 360 Cell Biology (4) A study of the attributes and activities of plant, animal and microbial cells. Topics include methodology employed in cell biology, the relationships of cell structure to function and cell specialization. (3-3). Prerequisite: BIOL 220, 221 and 222.

BIOL 370 Developmental Biology (4) Development and structure of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. Environmental and innate factors influencing development. Gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage and gastrulation of animals. Determination of primary organ rudiments. Organ formation and comparative structure in vertebrates. (2-4). Prerequisites: BIOL 220, 221, and 222.

BIOL 380 Ecology (4) A study of the ecological principles common to all populations of organisms and to their supporting systems. Laboratory will emphasize field methodologies and introduce data analysis. (3-3). Prerequisites: BIOL 220, 221 and 222.

BIOL 420 Applied Biology (2-4) Courses offered under this number include industrial microbiology, sanitary microbiology, clinical microbiology, genetic counseling, nature photography and other related courses. Cooperative education may qualify for credit under this number with approval of the Biology Department. (4-2). Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.

BIOL 422 Biological Specimen Preparation (3) Techniques for collection and preservation of botanical and zoological specimens. Procedures for microtechnique and preparation of slides. (1-3).

BIOL 423 Electron Microscopy (4) Lectures in this course cover the theory of electron imaging and associated preparatory techniques. All phases of specimen preparation are taught in the laboratory with emphasis on use of the electron microscope and ancillary equipment. Students are required to complete a research project. (2-6).

BIOL 430 Advanced Studies in Morphology (2-5) Courses offered under this number may include plant anatomy, comparative anatomy and other related courses. Prerequisite: BIOL 360.

BIOL 431 Microbiology (4) An introduction to the biology of microorganisms, immunology and pathogenicity. Emphasis is on medical aspects of microorganisms associated with infectious diseases of man. Basic microbiological techniques as well as methods of diagnostic bacteriology are emphasized in the laboratory. (3-3). Prerequisite: BIOL 360.

BIOL 432 Hematology (3) A study of the functions of blood and blood forming organs. Emphasis is on the pathology related to these tissues and the clinical diagnosis of blood diseases. Topics on theories and techniques of immunohematology also are included. (3-0). Prerequisite: BIOL 360.

BIOL 434 Clinical Bacteriology (2) Systematic laboratory procedures for diagnosis of infectious agents of bacterial origin. (1-2). Prerequisite: BIOL 431.

BIOL 440 Selected Topics in Molecular Biology (2-4) Courses offered under this number may include Molecular Genetics and other related courses. Prerequisite: BIOL 360.

BIOL 441 Immunology (3) An introduction to molecular and cellular principles of the immune response. Topics include the nature of antigens and antibodies, their interactions, role of complement, hypersensitivities, cell-mediated immunity and blood group substances. Immunological techniques applicable to clinical diagnosis are emphasized in the laboratory. (2-2). Prerequisite: BIOL 360.

BIOL 442 Molecular Biology (4) This course will be a detailed study of DNA replication, RNA transcription, protein synthesis and genetic control mechanisms. The laboratory will introduce techniques for isolating mutants, cloning DNA and molecular separation techniques. (3-3). Prerequisite: BIOL 360.

BIOL 450 Advanced Studies in Genetics (2-4) Courses offered under this number may include population genetics, evolution and other related courses. Prerequisite: BIOL 350.

BIOL 451 Human Genetics (3) A survey of human and medical genetics emphasizing recent developments in cytogenetics, biochemical polymorphisms, immunogenetics and selected topics. (3-0). Prerequisite: BIOL 350.

BIOL 452 Evolution (3) This course will cover the historical development of evolution theories. Next, the origin and evolution of life (phylogeny) will be discussed. These discussions will emphasize evolutionary processes (natural selection, neutral evolution) that are responsible for the diversity of life. Particular attention will be devoted to molecular and genetic approaches to evolutionary studies. (3-0). Prerequisite: BIOL 350.

BIOL 460 Advanced Studies in Physiology (2-5) Courses offered under this number may include plant physiology, microbial physiology and other related courses. Prerequisite: BIOL 360.

BIOL 461 Endocrinology (3) Principles of chemical coordination. The glands of internal secretion, including their development, structure, biochemistry and physiology. (3-0). Prerequisite: BIOL 231 or BIOL 360.

BIOL 461L Endocrinology Laboratory (2) Experiments in endocrinology involving operative technique, replacement therapy and statistical analysis of data. (0-4). Prerequisites: BIOL 231 or BIOL 360.

BIOL 462 Comparative Physiology (3) Examination of the function of various organ systems with emphasis on functions as related to adaptation and survival of organisms in their natural environment. (3-0). Prerequisite: BIOL 360.

BIOL 464 Plant Physiology (4) A detailed study of the physiology and development of plants. Topics to be included are variations of photosynthesis, transport mechanisms, the actions of plant hormones and other aspects of plant metabolism. (3-3). Prerequisite: BIOL 360.

BIOL 470 Advanced Studies in Systematics (2-4) Courses offered under this number may include vertebrate zoology, entomology, plant taxonomy and other related courses. Prerequisites: BIOL 220, 221 and 222.

BIOL 471 Invertebrate Zoology (4) A survey of the morphology, physiology, behavior, ecology and phylogenetic relationships of the invertebrate groups. The laboratory consists of the study of living marine, freshwater and terrestrial representatives. (2-4). Prerequisite: BIOL 220 and BIOL 221.

BIOL 472 Parasitology (3) An introduction to the study of animal parasitism. Major groups to be considered will include the parasitic protozoa, worms and arthropods. Emphasis will be placed on the role of these organisms in human disease. (2-2). Prerequisite: BIOL 220 and BIOL 221.

BIOL 474 Mycology (2) Basic principles of mycology including classification, structure, physiology and pathogenic aspects of mycotic infections. Laboratory emphasis is on the identification of mycological organisms. (2-0). Prerequisite: BIOL 431.

BIOL 475 Vertebrate Zoology (3) Morphology, behavior, ecology and phylogenetic relationships of vertebrates and other chordates. (2-3). Prerequisite: BIOL 220 and BIOL 221.

BIOL 476 Mammalogy (3) Functional morphology, evolutionary relationships and natural history of mammals of the world. (2-3). Prerequisite: BIOL 220 and BIOL 221.

BIOL 477 Ornithology (3) Review of avian biology, including functional morphology, evolutionary relationships, breeding biology and ecology. Laboratory consists primarily of field trips to local areas to identify birds and to collect data on ecology and behavior. (2-3). Prerequisite: BIOL 220 and BIOL 221.

BIOL 480 Advanced Studies in Ecology (2-4) Courses under this number may include urban systems ecology, genecology, resource ecology, aquatic ecology, animal ecology, comparative animal behavior and other related courses. Prerequisite: BIOL 380.

BIOL 481 Natural History of Freshwater Invertebrates (3) Taxonomic and biological survey of local fauna. Special emphasis will be placed on the identification of local species and characterization of their environments. (1-4). Prerequisite: BIOL 380 or permission of instructor.

BIOL 482 Plant Ecology Methods (3) Field sampling procedures for plant populations and communities and analysis of field data. (1-4). Prerequisite: BIOL 380.

BIOL 483 Biogeography (3) Examination of historical and ecological processes that have shaped the distribution and association of plant and animal species on a global scale. (3-0). Prerequisite: BIOL 380 recommended.

BIOL 491 Undergraduate Seminar in Biology (1) Readings and presentations of selected topics in biology. Prequisite: BIOL 220, BIOL 221, BIOL 222 and at least one of the following courses completed prior to enrollment: BIOL 350, BIOL 360, BIOL 370 or BIOL 380.(1-0).

BIOL 499 Special Problems (1-6) Student must submit a plan of study for approval before enrolling. Individual work for qualified students involving search of original sources in the literature, preparation of abstracts and experimentation. Prerequisite: 16 hours in biology and permission of instructor.

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